Prevalence of gastric ulcer syndrome in high-level endurance horses

Reasons for performing the study: Equine gastric ulcers syndrome (EGUS) prevalence studies are rare in the endurance horse and none has been carried out to date in horses competing at high level. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of EGUS in high‐level endurance horses. Methods: Thirty endurance horses competing at high level were selected and submitted to 2 gastroscopic examinations. The first gastroscopy was performed during the interseason period, and the second during the competition season within 2–3 days following a ride of 90–160 km. Data related to housing, feeding, training system as well as age, breed and gender were recorded for each horse. Results: The prevalence of squamous gastric ulcers was 48% during the interseason period (mean score 0.85 ± 0.13 on a scale from 0–4) and 93% during the competition season (mean score 1.60 ± 1.15) with a highly significant difference between the seasons (P = 0.001). Most of the lesions were situated in the squamous portion of the stomach but 33.3% of horses showed also glandular lesions. Significant influence of training and performance level on the gastric score (according to the distance of the ride preceding the second gastroscopy) was shown (P = 0.038). There was also a significant influence of housing on the gastric score (P = 0.002) showing higher scores in the horses kept totally on pasture (mean score: 2.14 ± 0.14) vs. horses housed in a mixed environment (stable + pasture, mean score: 1.43 ± 0.17). Both the pastured and (stabled + pastured) groups were receiving a grain supplement but the pastured group received a higher daily starch intake, which might explain the higher ulcer prevalence. There was no influence of age, breed or gender on the gastric scores. Conclusions: The high prevalence of gastric lesions observed in this study is probably related to the high level of training and performance of the horses examined compared to the population of horses included in the prior study. Potential relevance: This prevalence of EGUS in high‐level endurance horses is comparable to the prevalence established in racing horses. The equine veterinarians may take into consideration EGUS as a potential cause of poor performance.     

The prevalence and risk factors of oesophageal and nonglandular gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses in Saskatchewan

The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence, severity and risk factors associated with oesophageal and nonglandular gastric lesions in Thoroughbred racehorses in active training in Saskatoon. Mature Thoroughbred horses (n = 94), stabled at Marquis Downs racetrack in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada, and trained by different trainers (n = 14) for a minimum of one month were included in the study. Horses were examined by gastroscopy and a lesion grade was assigned for each individual horse. Of the 94 horses, 79 (84%) had nonglandular gastric lesions, 70 (74.5%) had gastric ulcers, giving a prevalence of 74.5%, and 9 out of 94 horses (9.6%) had hyperkeratosis and/or hyperaemia. None of the horses had oesophageal lesions. Gender, age, number of races raced, place obtained in those races, history of lameness, history of medical conditions, and history of medications in a 2 month period prior to the gastroscopic examination were not statistically significant as potential risk factors for the prevalence and severity of nonglandular gastric lesions.     

胃腺癌c-erbB-2癌基因蛋白的表达及其临床意义的初步研究

用免疫组织化学方法,在93例进展期胃癌中,检测到c-erbB-2癌基因表达者38例(占40.9％)。c-erbB-2表达的检出率,在管状腺癌病例为67.6％(25/37),明显高于其它类型腺癌者(P<0.05);在已有胃周淋巴结转移和(或)远处转移的病例为47.8％(32/67),无局部或区域淋巴结转移者为23.1％(6/26)(P<0.05)。随访81例有c-erbB-2表达36例,其3年存活率30.6％(11/36);无表达45例中3年存活率46.7％(21/45)(0.1相似文献   

酸化剂对早期断奶仔猪胃酸分泌、消化酶活性和肠道微生物的影响

用24头平均体重6.10±0.35kg 的28±1日龄断奶杜×长×大杂交仔猪 ,分成4个处理组 ,分别饲喂玉米—膨化大豆—豆粕型基础饲粮和添加0.6 %HCl、1.5 %柠檬酸、0.25 %复合酸的3种饲粮。结果表明 :在断奶后头2周 ,添加0.6 %HCl、1.5 %柠檬酸、0.25 %复合酸分别提高仔猪日增重5.9 % (P<0.10)、10.5 %(P<0.05)、9.2 %(P<0.05) ,在不同程度上降低了腹泻率 ,对采食量和料肉比没有显著影响 (P>0.10)。添加0.25 %复合酸提高了胃蛋白酶 (P<0.10)和胃酸分泌 (P<0.10) ,显著提高了十二指肠内容物中胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活性 (P<0.05) ,添加1.5 %柠檬酸有提高上述两种酶活性的趋势 (P<0.15 ,P<0.10) ,但对胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌没有影响 ,显著降低了结肠大肠杆菌数量 (P<0.05)。此外 ,添加0.25 %复合酸有降低大肠杆菌数量 ,增加乳酸杆菌数量的趋势 (P<0.10)。上述结果表明 ,在早期断奶仔猪饲粮中添加复合酸可刺激胃酸和胃蛋白酶分泌 ,提高十二指肠消化酶活性 ;添加柠檬酸对降低结肠大肠杆菌 ,减少腹泻发生效果显著。添加盐酸可降低仔猪腹泻率 ,提高日增重 ,但效果不及有机酸和复合酸显著     

ULTRASONOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES IN SMALL ANIMALS

Sonographic findings of 18 dogs and four cats with gastrointestinal (GI) diseases were reviewed. Wall thickness, wall layer identification, wall symmetry, extension of the lesion, nature of the GI contents, motility, and regional and/or systemic involvement were recorded for each animal. Ultrasonographic appearance of gastrointestinal neoplasms, gastrointestinal obstruction, ileus, intussusception, inflammatory GI diseases, and congenital disorders are discussed.     

ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF GASTRIC ULCERATION IN THE DOG

The clinical, ultrasonographic and, when available, histopathologic findings of gastric ulceration in 7 dogs were reviewed. The most common clinical signs were vomiting, hematemesis, melena, weight loss and anemia. Ultrasonographic features of gastric ulcer included local thickening of the gastric wall, possible loss of the 5-layer structure, the presence of a wall defect or "crater", fluid accumulation in the stomach and diminished gastric motility.The localized gastric thickening varied from 9 to 16 mm. The ulcer crater was often located in the center of the thickened site and appeared as a mucosal defect associated with persistent accumulation of small echoes, most likely representing microbubbles. In this preliminary study, there was no definitive ultrasonographic distinction between benign and malignant ulcers.     

Presumptive Intramural Gastric Hemorrhage Secondary to Rodenticide Intoxication in a Dog

A dog being treated for demodicosis with ivermectin was presented for intermittent vomiting. The vomiting progressed to hematemesis and an underlying coagulopathy was diagnosed. The etiology of the coagulopathy was determined to be ingested brodifacoum. Ultrasound evaluation of the abdomen revealed thickened gastric wall that was suspected to be intramural hemorrhage. Most likely, the intramural hemorrhage and resulting thickening of the stomach wall led to the clinical signs and metabolic alkalosis. This case represents an typical presentation of hemorrhage secondary to rodenticide intoxication. (J Vet Emerg Crit Care 2001; 11(1):27–31, 2001).     

Comparative endoscopic evaluation of normal and ulcerated gastric mucosae in Thoroughbred foals

To contribute to early diagnosis and treatment of gastric ulcer of foals, we examined the gastric mucosa of healthy and affected foals using an endoscope. In healthy foals, the characteristic changes in the development of the squamous mucosa were seen mainly in the squamous mucosa, and maturation of the squamous mucosa in the greater curvature (GC-S) occurred more slowly than that of the squamous mucosa in the lesser curvature (LC-S). Epithelial desquamation in the LC-S and GC-S was observed between 6 and 90 days but was not observed in the LC-S at about 60 days, whereas it was observed in the GC-S until 90 days old. These findings suggest that there is a difference in the development of the gastric mucosa by region and that desquamation continues over a term longer than studies have reported in the past. In the affected foals, the minimum age at which gastric ulcer was observed was 4 days old. Gastric ulcers formed predominantly in the squamous mucosa (LC-S and GC-S) of foals with an immature mucosa before the weaning period, and the peak incidence occurred between 61 and 90 days old. The differences in the ulceration sites were considered to depend on the difference in the development (maturation) stage of the squamous mucosa. The grading score of the gastric ulcer increased with the growth of the affected foals. The gastric ulcer might be enhanced greatly by stress in the weaning period.     

Associations between meal size,gastric emptying and post‐prandial plasma glucose,insulin and lactate concentrations in meal‐fed cats

Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations are increased for 12–24 h in healthy cats following moderate‐ to high‐carbohydrate meals. This study investigated associations between gastric emptying time and post‐prandial plasma glucose, insulin and lactate concentrations in cats fed an extruded dry, high‐carbohydrate, moderate‐fat, low‐protein diet (51, 28, 21% metabolizable energy, respectively) once daily by varying meal volume. Eleven healthy, non‐obese, neutered adult cats were enrolled in a prospective study and fed to maintain body weight. Ultrasound examinations were performed for up to 26 h, and blood collections over 24 h after eating meals containing approximately 100% and 50% of the cats’ daily caloric intake (209 and 105 kJ/kg BW, respectively). Gastric emptying time was increased after a meal of 209 kJ/kg BW compared with 105 kJ/kg BW (median gastric emptying times 24 and 14 h, respectively; p = 0.03). Time for glucose to return to fasting was longer after the 209 kJ/kg BW meal (median 20 h; 25th and 75th percentiles 15 and 23 h, respectively) than the 105 kJ/kg BW meal (13, 12 and 14 h; p < 0.01); however, peak glucose was not higher after the 209 kJ/kg BW meal compared with the 105 kJ/kg BW meal [(mean ± SD) 6.6 ± 0.6 and 7.8 ± 1.2 mmol/l, respectively, p = 0.07]. Times for insulin to return to fasting were not significantly longer after the 209 kJ/kg BW meal than the 105 kJ/kg BW meal (p = 0.29). d ‐ and l ‐lactate concentrations were not associated with gastric emptying time or post‐prandial blood glucose and insulin. Based on results obtained, prolonged gastric emptying contributes to prolonged post‐prandial hyperglycemia in cats meal fed a high‐carbohydrate, low‐protein, dry diet and fasting times for cats’ meal‐fed diets of similar composition should be 14–26 h, depending on meal size.     

Gastric impaction and large colon volvulus: Can one lead to the other?

The possibility of stomach impaction resulting in large colon volvulus is raised by authors reporting the findings of both lesions in 7 horses. Although this combination of lesions has not been reported before, it is interesting to consider the effect of a gastric impaction compressing the colon as the stomach increases in size with firm ingesta. Anatomically, the stomach is dorsal to the colon, and might therefore compress the colon. As to how this might result in volvulus, it is interesting to speculate on the possible roles of gas accumulation or other changes in the intracolonic environment, such as composition in microbiota. The report of 7 horses also highlights the need to thoroughly explore any horse taken to surgery because of intractable colic in case there is more than one lesion.